Since its transition from Francoism, Spain has been home to a number of experiences in local democracy. Some of the first ones are well-described in the writings of Jordi Borja, Manuel Castells, and others in the late 1970s and early 1980s. But in the last 5 years there has been a real ressurgence of activity, with instances of direct citizen participation such as the forums for the Agenda 21 process, citizen juries, deliberative polls, and of course, at least a dozen cases of Participatory Budgeting.

One of the organizations active in promoting direct democracy in Barcelona, and in the autonomous community of Catalunya, has been the Seigle XXI Foundation. Some of their work is described in the book, Democratizar la Democracia